1. What are adverse drug reactions?
Answer: Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) refers to the Adverse Reaction that is not related to the purpose of the Drug under normal usage and dosage of a qualified Drug. Adverse drug reactions are caused by the inherent characteristics of drugs. Any drug may cause adverse reactions.
2. What are the side effects of drugs? Is there a difference between side effects and adverse reactions? How to prevent it?
Answer: common people common name "side effect" point to drug adverse reaction namely. Technically, a side effect of a drug is just one of the adverse drug reactions, also known as side effects, that occur when a drug is taken at a normal dose that is related to its pharmacological activity but not to the purpose of the drug. Drugs that produce such reactions have two or more pharmacological effects, such as atropine's ability to relieve spasm of gastrointestinal muscle tissue and dilate pupils. When patients take atropine to treat gastrointestinal pain, they are prone to the side effect of blurred vision. In addition to side effects (side effects), adverse drug reactions also include drug toxicity (toxic reactions), residual effects, allergic reactions, etc.
Under normal circumstances, the side effects of drugs are relatively minor, if some people are very serious side effects, it is necessary to consider switching to other drugs.
The patient takes some kind of medicine for the first time, want to start from low dose commonly, after taking notice curative effect how, have side effect; If the curative effect and side effect are not obvious, the dose can be increased appropriately according to the doctor's advice, but cannot exceed the maximum therapeutic dose. After increasing the dose, we should observe closely whether there are any adverse reactions.
3. What are the toxic reactions of drugs?
Answer: toxic reaction also calls toxic effect, it is to point to medicaments cause bodily serious function disorder and histopathological change. Drugs with strong pharmacological effects and similar therapeutic dose to toxic dose are likely to cause toxic reactions. In addition, liver, renal insufficiency, the elderly, children prone to toxic reactions. A small number of people who are overly sensitive to the effects of drugs, or who have abnormal liver and kidney functions, can develop symptoms that occur when others overdose within the normal dose range.
4. What is drug allergy?
Answer: medicaments anaphylaxis is called allergic reaction again, it is the special reaction that causes allergy patient to a certain kind of medicaments. Drugs or metabolites of drugs in vivo react with specific antibodies or stimulate sensitized lymphocytes as antigens, resulting in tissue loss or physiological dysfunction. This reaction only occurs in a small number of patients, has nothing to do with the nature of the known effect of the drug, and has a wireless relationship with the dose. When the first contact needs induction period, the reaction of stopping administration disappears, the drug with similar chemical structure is easy to produce crossed or incomplete crossed allergic reaction, some diseases can make the sensitization of drug to the body increase. Allergic reactions caused by drugs include 4 types, such as rapid onset and delayed onset, and the clinical manifestations mainly include skin rash, vascular and nerve edema, anaphylactic shock, serological syndrome and asthma. Allergy test should be done before taking the medicine or allergic constitution.
In order to prevent allergic reactions, the authorities stipulated that some drugs, such as penicillin, must be tested before application. But there are a few people when the skin test will occur allergic reactions; Sometimes skin test may appear false negative, very few skin test negative patients can also produce anaphylactic shock; A few sensitive patients even in others injected penicillin smell a little smell, the shock occurred. In particular, many drugs that are not prescribed for skin testing may also cause allergic reactions. People with a history of allergies to other substances should use any medication with caution. The patient that has medicaments allergy history, when go to a doctor, must inform a doctor of the circumstance, avoid to take the same or similar medicaments again.
5. Are all drugs likely to cause adverse reactions?
A: yes. Any drug may cause adverse reactions, but due to individual differences between people, the adverse reactions of different people to the same drug can vary greatly. Some people react this way, some people react that way.
Many people believe that only fake drugs, substandard medicines, or improper use by medical personnel or patients themselves can cause adverse reactions. In fact, many of the drugs that have passed strict approval and inspection can also cause adverse reactions in some people under the condition of normal usage and dosage.
6. What is drug interaction?
A: drug interactions, drug to drug interactions, are when one drug alters the pharmacological effects of another drug taken at the same time. As a result, the effect of one drug may be increased or decreased, or the effect of two drugs may be increased or decreased simultaneously.
Drug interactions can be divided into two categories: (1) pharmacokinetic interactions, in which a drug changes the absorption, distribution, or metabolism of another drug. For example, Ca2+ ions in antacids chelate with tetracycline, which cannot be reabsorbed, thus affecting the absorption of tetracycline and the efficacy. For another example, astemizole is metabolized by CY (P3A4) enzyme, while ketoconazole is an inhibitor of CY (P3A4). When both of them are taken at the same time, the metabolism of astemizole is blocked due to the inhibition of metabolic enzyme, resulting in the increase of blood concentration and adverse reactions. The interaction of pharmacodynamics refers to the interaction between agonists and antagonists at the receptor site.
7. What are the clinical manifestations of adverse drug reactions?
A: overall, drug adverse reactions may involve the body's various systems, organs, tissues and its clinical manifestation and are similar in the performance of the common disease, frequently-occurring disease, such as performance accessories for skin damage, skin rashes, itching, etc), digestive system damage (nausea, vomiting, abnormal liver function, etc.), urinary system injury (blood in the urine and kidney dysfunction, etc.), whole body damage (such as anaphylactic shock, fever, etc.).
8. Why are some adverse drug reactions difficult to predict?
Answer: the inducement factor of adr has non-drug factor and drug factor two kinds. The former includes age, sex, heredity, susceptibility, disease, etc. The latter includes the side effects of drugs, drug interactions and exciphers. Therefore, the adverse reactions of the same drug may be different in patients of different ages, genders, RACES, constitutions, indications and pathological states. In addition, the influence of exciphers in drugs and preparations makes the problem more complicated, which is why the adverse reactions of drugs are unpredictable.
9. What should patients do if they find suspicious adverse drug reactions?
Answer: the patient discovers suspicious adverse drug reaction, want to stop to take suspicious drug above all, symptom is serious or after stopping medicine does not alleviate should go to a hospital to see a doctor promptly, cure. Talk to your doctor and avoid taking the same medication in the future if your symptoms are an adverse drug reaction. According to the adverse drug reaction report and monitoring measures for the administration of health ministry make (81th), individuals find new or serious adverse drug reactions, can report to the attending doctor, can also be to the drug production and management enterprises or local adverse drug reaction monitoring agencies report, provide relevant medical records if necessary.
10. How to detect adverse reactions? How to deal with adverse reactions?
A: a few patients may experience drowsiness, dizziness, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, rash, itching, weakness, dry mouth, etc. A very small number of patients may have serious adverse reactions, including systemic rashes accompanied by pruritus, severe urticaria, severe erythematous multiform drug rash, bullosa epidermolysis, liver dysfunction, anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, coma, interstitial nephritis, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia, etc. The patient should stop taking the medicine as soon as the suspected symptoms appear. Some symptoms can improve by themselves after stopping the medicine. If the symptoms are severe or no improvement is found after stopping the medicine, it is recommended to go to the hospital for examination and treatment.
11. How should adverse drug reactions be treated?
Answer: the treatment principle of adr is consistent with other common diseases, frequentness, but the treatment of adr must stop suspected drugs in a timely manner, use in a timely manner is helpful to drug eduction from the body, protect other drugs of concerned viscera function.
12. How to read the instructions correctly?
Answer: the use of the drug specifications generally includes all aspects of the simple introduction for the drugs, patients should be carefully read before taking, especially to read one about this product indications, contraindications, usage, dosage, adverse reactions, drug interaction, matters needing attention of introduction, taking medicines must abide by the provisions of the manual. However, the current instructions about these content of the introduction is generally very simple, such as adverse reactions only listed the main, known adverse reactions of the drug, some only in a small number of, individual body adverse reactions are not necessarily specific list. Some old drugs that have been on the market for many years still find new and serious adverse reactions from time to time.
The instructions listed the method of medication, such as intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, several times a day, etc., must not be wrong; A single dose is the safe and effective dose for most people. Some people are particularly sensitive to the effects of the drug because of individual differences. This may or may not be detected before the drug is marketed. So before medication, even if carefully read the instructions, according to the instructions to take, but also pay attention to the adverse reactions of the drug.
13. Why do you need to follow the prescribed dosage?
A: the dose specified in the drug instructions generally refers to the average dosage or dosage range of a single dose for adults aged 18-60 years. Any dose lower than this may have no effect, while any dose higher may cause a toxic reaction. Within this reasonable range, an appropriate dose increase may improve efficacy, but it is not absolute. Some people who are sensitive to the effects of the drug can also develop toxic reactions in this dose range and should be noted.
14. Why is it that some people are not allergic to certain drugs but later become allergic?
Answer: the human body has not been exposed to a certain kind of medicine before, the antibody that does not have to this kind of medicine in the body, won't produce allergic reaction commonly. After contacting this kind of medicine, the body had antibody, encounter this kind of medicine again, produce likely allergic reaction. In addition, some people's allergic reaction is mainly to the impurities, excipients, additives in the drug allergy. Different manufacturers use different production technology or production equipment, different auxiliary materials, additives, the impurities of the product is different, will also appear "the original not allergic, later allergic" situation. In addition, the individual's immune system can also change.
15. Do adverse drug reactions mean there must be something wrong with the doctor's prescription?
A: not necessarily. Whether there is a problem with the doctor's prescription, to see whether the doctor's prescription is in accordance with the provisions of the drug use instructions, not because of the occurrence of adverse reactions must indicate that the doctor's prescription has a problem.
16. Why not drink alcohol when taking medicine?
A: alcohol contains ethanol. In addition to speeding up the metabolic transformation of some drugs in vivo and reducing the curative effect, ethanol can also induce adverse drug reactions. Long-term drinking may cause liver function damage, affect the liver metabolism function of drugs, make a lot of drugs adverse reactions increase. Especially when taking drugs, drinking alcohol can make the digestive tract dilate and increase the absorption of drugs, which is easy to cause adverse reactions. For example, drinking alcohol when taking barbiturates can enhance the central inhibitory effect of barbiturates and cause harm. Cephalosporin antibiotics can affect ethanol metabolism, resulting in a disularamine-like reaction characterized by facial flushing, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, lethargy, and hallucinations. In addition, some drugs can aggravate the damage ethanol does to the body. For example, ranitidine can reduce gastric juice secretion and increase the damage of ethanol to gastric mucosa. Metronidazole can inhibit the activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and aggravate the toxic reaction of ethanol. Therefore, do not drink alcohol when taking medicine.
17. What should the elderly pay attention to?
Answer: generally speaking, the function of viscera of old people degrades, metabolism is decelerated, produce drug adverse reaction easily; Old people often suffers from more than one disease, some old people are taking some medicine health care drugs, including health care products, so the elderly medication should be very careful, when choosing medicines more consulting a doctor, do not choose more adverse reactions of drugs, decrease the dosage, avoid long-term medication, to avoid adverse drug interactions.
What should pregnant women pay attention to?
Answer: pregnant woman USES drug, not only oneself may suffer the harm of adverse drug reaction, a lot of drug still can enter fetal body through placenta, harm fetal growth development. If the disease really need to use drugs, must fully listen to the opinions of medical personnel, carefully choose, strictly abide by the prescribed dosage.
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